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Christmas is one of the most beloved and eagerly anticipated holidays in Ukraine. It is filled with the warmth of family gatherings, a cozy atmosphere, and countless unique traditions passed down through generations. Ukrainian Christmas celebrations blend Christian customs with ancient pagan roots, making them incredibly diverse and fascinating.
Carols (Koliadky)
Koliadky, or carols, are perhaps the most well-known and cherished Christmas tradition in Ukraine. These festive songs celebrate the birth of Christ, praise goodness, and convey wishes of happiness to the homeowners. However, carols have even older origins. Before Christianity, they were part of winter rituals dedicated to the solar god Koliada.
After the Christianization of Ukraine, carols took on a new meaning, transforming into songs that glorify the birth of the Savior. Today, this tradition comes alive on Christmas Eve, when groups of children and adults dress up in vibrant costumes, carry a star, and visit homes singing carols. The carolers perform their songs and receive sweets or other small gifts from the hosts.
The symbol of the carols is often the "Bethlehem Star," which the children carry with them, representing the birth of Jesus.
Vertep
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Another vibrant tradition is the vertep, or Christmas puppet theater. The first verteps appeared in Ukraine in the 16th–17th centuries and were associated with the activities of seminary students and clergy. Originally, a vertep was a two-tiered box where puppet scenes on Christmas themes were performed.
On the upper tier, the story of Jesus Christ’s birth was depicted, while the lower tier featured satirical sketches with characters like Cossacks, innkeepers, noblemen, and other figures of the time. The vertep quickly gained popularity, and today it can be seen in various parts of Ukraine during the Christmas season.
Modern verteps often feature live actors, and their plots can be either traditional or adapted to contemporary contexts.
Holy Evening and the Generous Feast
Christmas Eve, known as Holy Evening, begins with the appearance of the first star in the sky—a symbol of Christ's birth. On this evening, families gather around the table, which must feature 12 dishes representing the 12 apostles.
The main dish of Holy Evening is kutia, made from wheat, honey, poppy seeds, and nuts. Its history traces back to pre-Christian times when it was part of rituals dedicated to harvests. Today, kutia symbolizes abundance, family unity, and a connection with ancestors.
After dinner, caroling often begins, and in some regions, young people hold "vechornytsi," where they sing, play games, and dance.
The Star, Goat, and Bear: Symbols of Christmas Rituals
Ukrainian Christmas rituals often include vibrant costumed performances. For example, in some regions, carolers are joined by characters like a goat, a bear, a gypsy, or even Death. These figures originated in pagan times and symbolize wealth, health, and protection from evil spirits.
According to tradition, the performers entertain the homeowners and even act out small scenes, for which they are rewarded with treats. This interactive element adds excitement and creates a special festive atmosphere.
"Shchedryi Vechir" and Shchedrivky
After Christmas comes Shchedryi Vechir, or Malanka, celebrated from December 31 to January 1 of the New Year. On this day, shchedrivky—songs similar to carols but with more secular content—are performed. Shchedrivky are often sung by young people and aim to wish wealth and prosperity in the coming year.
One of the most famous shchedrivky in the world is "Shchedryk," composed by Mykola Leontovych. Today, it is widely known as "Carol of the Bells" and is heard during Christmas in many corners of the globe.
The Key Tradition: Atmosphere of Kindness and Warmth
Ukrainian Christmas traditions are not just about joyful rituals and delicious meals but also about the atmosphere of kindness, unity, and mutual support. These holidays remind us of the importance of family, warmth, and care for loved ones.
Carols, verteps, vechornytsi, and other customs are not merely ways to have fun but also opportunities to connect with Ukraine's rich cultural heritage. They create that unique festive feeling that makes Christmas truly special.
Read about Ukrainian motifs in Christmas decoration HERE.